1. The case originated in an application (no. 11036/03) against the Republic of Poland lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention") by a French national, Mr Franck Ladent ("the applicant"), on 24 February 2003.

2. The applicant, who had been granted legal aid, was represented by Mr L. Hincker, a lawyer practising in Strasbourg. The Polish Government ("the Government") were represented by their Agent, Mr J. Wolasiewicz of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

3. The applicant alleged, in particular, that he had been deprived of his liberty in breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

4. On 4 July 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.

5. The French Government were invited to intervene in the proceedings (Article 36 § 1 of the Convention). However, by a letter of 10 October 2006, they informed the Registry that they did not wish to exercise their right to intervene.

6. The applicant was born in 1972 and lives in Ferney-Voltaire, France.

7. On an unspecified date he arrived in Poland. He married K.P., a Polish national, on 15 March 2001. They initially lived in Krakow, but on 3 July 2001 they moved to France. Their two children were born in September 2001 and October 2002 respectively. The applicant is an artist and runs a small business in France which provides the only support for the family.

8. On 21 March 2001 a certain B.M., an administrator of the building in which the applicant's wife had a flat, brought a private prosecution against the applicant for slander (zniewaga) under Article 216 § 1 of the Criminal Code. He alleged that the applicant had addressed him in obscene language in Polish. Subsequently, the private prosecution proceedings were commenced in the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court.

9. It appears that following the applicant's departure for France the court sent him summonses in connection with the private prosecution but received no response.

10. On 15 July 2002 the District Court ordered that the applicant be remanded in custody for a period of three months. It further ordered that a wanted notice (list gonczy) be issued with a view to locating and detaining him. It invoked, inter alia, Articles 258 § 1(1) and 259 § 4 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter "the CCP").

The District Court held as follows:

The court ordered the police to execute that decision and to serve a copy of it on the applicant immediately after his arrest and to inform him that he could appeal. The information that a wanted notice had been issued in respect of the applicant was subsequently entered in a central criminal register.

11. On 8 October 2002 the District Court stayed the proceedings against the applicant on the ground that his whereabouts were unknown.

12. At the end of 2002 the applicant and his family went on holiday to Krakow. At an unspecified time on the evening of 3 January 2003 they arrived at the Slubice border check-point on their journey back to France by car. During a routine passport check the applicant was asked to get out of his car by the border guard officers.

13. The applicant was arrested at 8. 15 p.m. on the basis of the detention order and the wanted notice issued on 15 July 2002. He was questioned by the officers but could not understand anything they said and refused to sign any documents. In his submissions to the European Court, he said that various requests he made through his wife, such as to be allowed to contact the French Embassy or his family and to be provided with an interpreter or a lawyer, were refused. After about two hours he was informed that he was being arrested but was not told why. He was detained at the Slubice Border Guard detention centre.

14. While the applicant was being questioned his wife and their two children, the first aged 3 and the second 16 months at the time, had to stay in the car with the engine on as the temperature outside was -10oC.

15. On 6 January 2003 the applicant's wife engaged counsel to represent the applicant.

16. On 7 January 2003 the Director of the Miedzyrzecz Detention Centre notified the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court that the applicant had been transferred there and had been detained on the basis of the detention order of 15 July 2002.

17. On 9 January 2003 the applicant's counsel filed an application with the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court for the applicant's release and requested that his detention be replaced by other, less restrictive, preventive measures. She also appealed against the detention order issued on 15 July 2002.

18. She submitted that the applicant was a French national who permanently resided in France and that he and his wife had left Poland on 3 July 2001. Following the applicant's departure the District Court had sent summonses for the applicant to his wife's address and to another address where the applicant had never lived with the result that the applicant had not known about the criminal proceedings against him and had not been served with the private bill of indictment. Nor had he been informed of his rights and obligations as an accused.

19. Counsel further submitted that the District Court had erroneously found that there were reasonable grounds for suspicion that the applicant had slandered B.M. In any event, the alleged offence only carried a fine or a penalty of restriction of liberty (such as a community service order) but not a custodial sentence. Lastly, counsel referred to the very difficult situation of the applicant's family, who were entirely dependent on him.

20. On 10 January 2003 the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court resumed the private prosecution proceedings against the applicant, noting that his abode had been established. On the same date it quashed the detention order of 15 July 2002 and replaced it with a ban on leaving the country and ordered the applicant to surrender his passport.

The District Court held as follows:

21. The District Court further ordered that the private bill of indictment, the decision to release the applicant and the summons to appear before the court be translated into French and served on the applicant and that a copy of its decision be served on the Miedzyrzecz Detention Centre's director together with an order to release the applicant.

22. On 10 January 2003 (a Friday) the District Court clerk sent by facsimile the court order to release the applicant to the Miedzyrzecz Detention Centre. However, the Detention Centre refused to accept the facsimile and informed the court registry that it required original documents before it could release the applicant. Consequently, on the same day the District Court ordered the dispatch of the relevant documents by courier service.

23. The applicant was released from detention in the morning of 13 January 2003 (a Monday). Upon his release he received copies of the three documents translated into French. The applicant submitted that it was only then that he learnt for the first time that he had been accused of slandering B.M..

24. On an unspecified date the applicant's counsel requested the District Court to lift the preventive measures imposed on the applicant pursuant to the decision of 10 January 2003 and to replace them with a guarantee of the applicant's appearance given by the President of the Franco-Polish Friendship Society.

25. On 17 January 2003 the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court granted that application. It considered that it was appropriate to quash the preventive measures given that the applicant ran his own business in France and supported his family exclusively from the income he received from it. It further considered that the guarantee offered would secure the applicant's appearance and the proper conduct of the proceedings.

26. It appears that the applicant and his family returned to France on 27 January 2003.

27. On 7 February 2003 a local MP from Krakow, Mr Z. Wassermann wrote a letter to the President of the Krakow Court of Appeal requesting explanations for the applicant's arrest and detention.

28. In a letter dated 28 February 2003, the President of the Court of Appeal informed the MP that the applicant's case had been thoroughly considered and had been placed under the Vice-President of the Krakow Regional Court's administrative supervision. The President stated that the principal error committed by the District Court in respect of the applicant's detention order was the unfounded assumption that the applicant had been evading justice and maliciously failing to comply with the court summons in a case in which he had not been previously heard and in which he had not been notified of his obligations as an accused pursuant to Article 75 of the CCP, or served with a private bill of indictment (Article 139 § 2 of the CCP). The President further noted that the orders to remand the applicant in custody and to issue a wanted notice had been based on that erroneous premise. Lastly, he stated that the lessons to be drawn from the applicant's case would be used for training purposes.

29. On 21 March 2003 the MP transmitted a copy of the President of the Court of Appeal's reply to the applicant's wife. He advised the applicant and his wife that they could seek to institute disciplinary proceedings against the judge who had issued the detention order and criminal proceedings for abuse of power. He further advised them that they could seek compensation in the civil courts.

30. On 5 October 2004 the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court delivered judgment and acquitted the applicant. On 10 January 2005 the Krakow Regional Court upheld the first-instance judgment.

Article 244 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1997, which entered into force on 1 September 1998, stipulates that everyone who is arrested shall be immediately informed of the reasons for his arrest and of his rights.
Article 246 provides that everyone who is arrested shall be entitled to lodge an appeal with a court challenging the lawfulness of the arrest and the manner of its execution. Such appeals must be promptly transmitted to the competent District Court which is required to examine it speedily. In cases where the District Court has established that the arrest was unlawful or unwarranted, it must order the immediate release of the person concerned.

The Code of Criminal Procedure defines detention on remand as one of the so-called "preventive measures" (srodki zapobiegawcze). The other measures are bail (poreczenie majatkowe), police supervision (dozor policji), a guarantee by a responsible person (poreczenie osoby godnej zaufania), a guarantee by a social entity (poreczenie spoleczne), a temporary ban on engaging in a given activity (zawieszenie oskarzonego w okreslonej dziaci) and a ban on leaving the country (zakaz opuszczania kraju).

Article 249 § 1 sets out the general grounds for the imposition of preventive measures:

Article 258 lists the grounds for detention on remand. It provides, in so far as relevant:

The Code sets out the extent of the courts' discretion to continue a specific preventive measure. Article 257 reads, in so far as relevant:

Article 259 § 1 reads:

Article 259 § 3 provides:

Article 259 § 4 specifies that the rule provided for in Article 259 § 3 is not applicable when the accused attempts to evade justice or persistently fails to comply with summonses or when his identity cannot be established.

As worded at the relevant time, Article 75 of the CCP provided that an accused who was not deprived of his liberty was required to appear whenever he received a summons in the course of criminal proceedings. He was also required to inform the authority conducting the proceedings of any change of his abode or of any absence lasting longer than 7 days. The accused was to be informed of these obligations when first questioned.

Chapter 58 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, entitled "Compensation for wrongful conviction, detention on remand or arrest", stipulates that the State is liable for wrongful convictions or for unjustifiably depriving an individual of his liberty in the course of criminal proceedings against him.

Article 552 provides, in so far as relevant:

Pursuant to Article 555, an application for compensation for manifestly wrongful detention on remand has to be lodged within one year from the date on which the decision terminating the criminal proceedings in question became final.
Proceedings relating to an application under Article 552 are subsequent to and independent of the original criminal proceedings in which the detention was ordered. The claimant may retrospectively seek a ruling as to whether his detention was justified. He cannot, however, test the lawfulness of his continuing detention on remand and obtain release.

31. The applicant complained under Articles 5 § 3 and 7 of the Convention, that he had been deprived of his liberty on the basis of the invalid detention order issued in the course of private prosecution proceedings against him. He averred that he had never received any summonses or other notification of those proceedings, either while living in Poland or later.

The Court considers that this complaint falls to be examined under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, the relevant part of which reads, as follows:

1. Exhaustion of domestic remedies

32. The Government acknowledged that the applicant had exhausted all the remedies available under Polish law.

2. Objection concerning the lack of "victim status"

33. The Government argued that the applicant could no longer claim to be a victim of the alleged violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. They relied on the President of the Krakow Court of Appeal's letter of 28 February 2003 admitting, in response to a query by a local MP, that the applicant's detention had been unjustified and based on erroneous procedural assumptions. Subsequently, the local MP had written to the applicant's wife to inform her that the applicant could make a claim for damages in respect of his unjustified detention.

34. Having regard to the above, the Government submitted that the domestic authorities had acknowledged a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in the case and had been ready to afford redress for that breach (Amuur v. France, 25 June 1996, Reports 1996-III, p. 846, § 36; and Zarb v. Malta, no. 16631/04, § 24, 4 July 2006). They emphasised that the applicant had had a real opportunity to obtain redress at the domestic level by claiming damages in respect of his wrongful detention under Article 552 of the CCP.

35. The applicant disagreed. He submitted that the President of the Krakow Court of Appeal had recognised that errors had been committed by the judge who had issued the detention order. However, that statement had been made informally in a letter addressed to a local MP. The applicant argued that the implicit admission of a violation of Article 5 of the Convention by the President of the Krakow Court of Appeal and the fact that he could seek damages on account of his wrongful detention had not deprived him of his "victim status".

36. The Court reiterates that a decision or measure favourable to the applicant is not in principle sufficient to deprive him of his status as a "victim" unless the national authorities have acknowledged, either expressly or in substance, and then afforded redress for, the breach of the Convention (see, Amuur v. France, cited above, and Dalban v. Romania [GC], no. 28114/95, § 44, ECHR 1999-VI).

37. In the present case, the Court notes that in his letter addressed to a local MP who had requested explanations about the applicant's case, the President of the Court of Appeal informed the MP of a number of procedural errors committed by the court which had led it to issue the detention order and the wanted notice. However, the President's opinion was not addressed to the applicant and had no practical consequences for him. The Court therefore finds that his letter cannot be considered as a decision or measure favourable to the applicant.

38. Even assuming that the letter amounted to an acknowledgment of the unlawfulness of the applicant's deprivation of liberty between 3 January 2003 and 10 January 2003, the Court considers that the second condition -- the provision of adequate redress -- has not been fulfilled. The President of the Court of Appeal's letter was silent on the question of the redress to be afforded to the applicant.

39. The Government, nevertheless, argued that the applicant could obtain redress by filing a claim for damages in respect of his wrongful detention under Article 552 of the CCP. However, in the earlier part of their observations they admitted that the applicant had exhausted all remedies available under Polish law. The Court cannot but note the contradictory character of the Government's pleadings in this respect. Moreover, their observations are very brief and provide no examples from the national case-law on the effectiveness of the Article 552 remedy in circumstances such as those in the instant case. Consequently, the Court does not consider that the Government have discharged the burden upon them of proving the effectiveness and availability to the applicant of the remedy invoked (see, Selmouni v. France [GC], no. 25803/94, § 76, ECHR 1999-V).

40. Having regard to the foregoing, the Court finds that the applicant can still claim to be a "victim" of a breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention as regards the deprivation of his liberty between 3 January 2003 and 10 January 2003.

41. Accordingly, the Government's objection concerning the lack of "victim status" is dismissed.

2. Other grounds for declaring this complaint inadmissible

42. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

1. The parties' submissions

43. The applicant argued that he had never received any official notification of the private prosecution proceedings that had been brought against him and could not, therefore, be accused of attempting to obstruct them.

44. The Government reiterated that the judicial authorities had already admitted that the applicant's detention had been based on unfounded assumptions. Having regard to the above, they refrained from expressing their position on the alleged violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

2. The Court's assessment

45. The Court reiterates that Article 5 of the Convention guarantees the fundamental right to liberty and security. That right is of primary importance in a "democratic society" within the meaning of the Convention (see De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium, 18 June 1971, § 65, Series A no. 12, and Winterwerp v. the Netherlands, 24 October 1979, § 37, Series A no. 33). Its key purpose is to prevent arbitrary or unjustified deprivations of liberty (see McKay v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 543/03, § 30, ECHR 2006-...).

46. All persons are entitled to the protection of that right, that is to say, not to be deprived, or to continue to be deprived, of their liberty (see Weeks v. the United Kingdom, 2 March 1987, § 40, Series A no. 114), save in accordance with the conditions specified in paragraph 1 of Article 5. The list of exceptions set out in Article 5 § 1 is an exhaustive one and only a narrow interpretation of those exceptions is consistent with the aim of that provision, namely to ensure that no one is arbitrarily deprived of his or her liberty (see Amuur v. France, 25 June 1996, § 42, Reports 1996-III; Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 170, ECHR 2000-IV; and Assanidze v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, § 170, ECHR 2004-II).

47. The Court reiterates that the expressions "lawful" and "in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law" in Article 5 § 1 essentially refer back to national law and enshrine the obligation to conform to substantive and procedural rules thereof. Although it is in the first place for the national authorities, notably the courts, to interpret and apply domestic law, under Article 5 § 1 failure to comply with domestic law entails a breach of the Convention and the Court can and should review whether this law has been complied with (see, among many other authorities, Benham v. the United Kingdom, 10 June 1996, § 41, Reports 1996-III and Assanidze v. Georgia, cited above, § 171). A period of detention is, in principle, "lawful" if it is based on a court order. Even flaws in the detention order do not necessarily render the underlying period of detention unlawful within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (see, Benham, cited above, §§ 42-47; and Jecius v. Lithuania, no. 34578/97, § 68, ECHR 2000-IX).

48. Compliance with national law is not, however, sufficient: Article 5 § 1 requires in addition that any deprivation of liberty should be in keeping with the purpose of protecting the individual from arbitrariness (see, among many other authorities, Winterwerp, cited above § 37; Amuur, cited above, § 50; and Witold Litwa v. Poland, no. 26629/95, § 78, ECHR 2000-III). It is a fundamental principle that no detention which is arbitrary can be compatible with Article 5 § 1 and the notion of "arbitrariness" in Article 5 § 1 extends beyond lack of conformity with national law, so that a deprivation of liberty may be lawful in terms of domestic law but still arbitrary and thus contrary to the Convention (see, Saadi v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 13229/03, § 67, ECHR 2008-... ).

49. In the instant case, the Court will first consider whether the applicant's detention was "lawful" and effected "in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law", as required by Article 5 § 1 of the Convention. It notes that on 21 March 2001 a private prosecution was brought against the applicant for slander. That offence was punishable by a fine or a penalty of restriction of liberty (such as a community service order). The applicant left Poland on 3 July 2001 with no knowledge of the private prosecution proceedings which had in the meantime been instituted against him before the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court. Subsequently, the District Court attempted to serve summonses on him in connection with the proceedings, but to no avail. On 15 July 2002 the District Court ordered that the applicant be remanded in custody on the ground that he had no permanent abode in Poland and that he had obstructed the proceedings by maliciously failing to act upon the court summonses. It further issued a wanted notice for the applicant. On 3 January 2003, while crossing the Polish border, the applicant was arrested and detained on the basis of the order issued on 15 July 2002.

50. The Court further observes that on 10 January 2003 the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court quashed the detention order of 15 July 2002 and replaced it with non-custodial preventive measures. In the reasons for its decision, it agreed with the submissions of the applicant's counsel that the applicant had not been evading justice and that his failure to appear in response to the summonses had not been intentional. Thus, it would appear that the District Court implied that its detention order of 15 July 2002 had been flawed on that account.

51. Furthermore, the Court attaches considerable importance to the findings of the President of the Krakow Court of Appeal in his letter of 28 February 2003. In that letter, he expressly stated that the District Court which had issued the detention order and wanted notice had erred in assuming that the applicant had been evading justice and had persistently failed to comply with summonses. The District Court had breached provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, in particular, by finding that the applicant had been evading justice even though he had not been served with a private bill of indictment as required by Article 139 § 2 of the CCP as worded at the material time. Furthermore, the applicant had not been able to make representations and had not been instructed about his obligations as an accused pursuant to Article 75 of the CCP.

52. The Court notes that the Government conceded that the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court had erred in finding that the applicant had been evading justice.

53. Against this background, the Court considers that when issuing the order for the applicant's detention the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court failed to apply the relevant domestic legislation correctly (Articles 258 § 1(1) and 259 § 4 of the CCP) as it erroneously found that the applicant had been obstructing the proceedings and evading justice when he had not been duly notified of those proceedings. Having regard to the nature of the flaws in the detention order, the Court finds that the applicant's detention failed to comply with "a procedure prescribed by law".

54. While the above finding is sufficient to conclude that there has been a breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention in this case, the Court nevertheless considers it useful to examine whether the applicant's detention was also free from arbitrariness. As regards the issue of arbitrariness, it notes that the relevant principles were recently restated in the case of Saadi v. the United Kingdom (cited above, §§ 67-72). In that case the Grand Chamber held that the notion of arbitrariness in the context of Article 5 varied to a certain extent depending on the type of detention involved. In the context of sub-paragraphs (b), (d) and (e) the notion of arbitrariness also includes an assessment of whether detention was necessary to achieve the stated aim. The detention of an individual is such a serious measure that it is justified only as a last resort where other, less severe measures have been considered and found to be insufficient to safeguard the individual or public interest which might require that the person concerned be detained (see Witold Litwa, cited above, § 78; Hilda Hafsteinsdottir v. Iceland, no. 40905/98, § 51, 8 June 2004; and Enhorn v. Sweden, no. 56529/00, § 44, ECHR 2005-I).

55. For the Court, detention pursuant to Article 5 § 1 (c) must equally embody a proportionality requirement. It will be recalled that in the case of Ambruszkiewicz v. Poland (no. 38797/03, §§ 29-32, 4 May 2006) the Court applied a proportionality test to detention falling under Article 5 § 1 (c) of the Convention when considering whether the applicant's detention on remand was strictly necessary to ensure his presence at the trial and whether other, less stringent, measures could have been sufficient for that purpose. A similar test is applied by the Court in the related Article 5 § 3 context of pre-trial detention when examining the relevance and sufficiency of the reasons given by the domestic authorities for maintaining pre-trial detention (see, Kudv. Poland [GC], no. 30210/96, §§ 110-111, ECHR 2000-XI, and McKay v. the United Kingdom [GC], no. 543/03, §§ 41-45, ECHR 2006-...).

56. In the present case the Court observes that the applicant was not duly notified of the private prosecution proceedings against him; yet the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court decided to penalise him for allegedly evading justice in circumstances where the applicant was unaware of the proceedings against him. The Court is also troubled by the District Court's conclusion that since the applicant did not have a permanent abode in Poland he was considered to be evading justice. It also notes that the District Court ordered the applicant's detention in a trivial private prosecution case concerning the alleged slander of a building administrator, an offence carrying a penalty of a fine or restriction of liberty (such as a community service order). It is true that the court was empowered under Article 259 § 4 of the CCP to impose such a measure in respect of offences which carried a penalty of less than one year's imprisonment, but subject to the proviso that it established the existence of other circumstances, for example that the accused was evading justice. However, in the present case the District Court's finding in the latter respect was manifestly without foundation. Furthermore, as stated above, the domestic authorities should always consider the application of other, less stringent, measures than detention. In the instant case the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court do not appear to have given consideration to any preventive measures other than detention. Thus, the Court finds that the detention order imposed on the applicant in these circumstances could not be considered a proportionate measure to achieve the stated aim of securing the proper conduct of criminal proceedings, having regard in particular to the petty nature of the offence which he was alleged to have committed (see, mutatis mutandis, Ambruszkiewicz, cited above, § 32).

57. In conclusion, the Court finds that the applicant's detention was not free from arbitrariness.

59. The applicant complained under Articles 5 § 2 and 6 § 3 (a) of the Convention that until his release on 13 January 2003 he was not informed in a language which he understood of the reasons for his arrest. The Court considers that this complaint falls to be examined under Article 5 § 2 of the Convention. This provision reads as follows:

60. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

1. The parties' submissions

61. The applicant argued that during his detention he was not informed of the reasons for it in a language which he understood and was not provided with an interpreter. He maintained that he did not understand Polish.

62. The Government submitted that the applicant had been served with the French translation of the bill of indictment against him and other relevant documents on his release on 13 January 2003. They maintained that on his arrest he had been informed about the detention order and wanted notice and the fact that criminal proceedings were pending against him in the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court. That information had most probably been given to him in Polish. The Government said that they could provide no further details concerning the applicant's arrest in the absence of documents in the file. Having regard to the above, they refrained from stating their position on the alleged violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention in the instant case.

2. The Court's assessment

63. The Court reiterates that paragraph 2 of Article 5 contains the elementary safeguard that any person arrested should know why he is being deprived of his liberty. This provision is an integral part of the scheme of protection afforded by Article 5: by virtue of paragraph 2 any person arrested must be told, in simple, non-technical language that he can understand, the essential legal and factual grounds for his arrest, so as to be able, if he sees fit, to apply to a court to challenge its lawfulness in accordance with paragraph 4. Whilst this information must be conveyed "promptly" (in French: "dans le plus court délai"), it need not be related in its entirety by the arresting officer at the very moment of the arrest. Whether the content and promptness of the information conveyed were sufficient is to be assessed in each case according to its special features (see, mutatis mutandis, Murray v. the United Kingdom, 28 October 1994, § 72, Series A no. 300-A, and Conka v. Belgium, no. 51564/99, § 50, ECHR 2002-I).

64. In the present case, it appears that the applicant, a French national, was initially informed of the reasons for his arrest and the charges against him in Polish. The applicant claimed that during his arrest and 10-day detention he was not informed in a language which he understood why he had been deprived of his liberty. The Government did not contest that allegation. Nor did they claim that the relevant information was provided to the applicant promptly. Furthermore, the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court, which decided to release the applicant on 10 January 2003, ordered that the private bill of indictment and other documents be translated into French and served on the applicant upon his release from detention. That circumstance indicates that the authorities were aware that the applicant did not understand Polish.

65. Having regard to the foregoing the Court finds it established that the applicant was not informed promptly and in a language which he understood of the reasons for his arrest and the charges against him until his release on 13 January 2003.

66. There has been accordingly a violation of Article 5 § 2 of the Convention on that account.

67. The applicant challenged the validity of the detention order of 15 July 2002 under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. He further alleged that his requests to be put in contact with an interpreter, a lawyer or the French Embassy had been refused. He also complained under Article 5 § 4 of the Convention that during his 10 day detention he was not allowed to meet the director of the detention centre or to contact his wife with a view to arranging his defence.

The Court considers that the essence of the applicant's complaint concerns the lack of automatic judicial review of his detention and therefore should be examined under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention. This provision provides, in so far as relevant:

68. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

1. The parties' submissions

69. The applicant submitted that following his arrest on 3 January 2003 he was not brought before a judge as required under Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.

70. The Government admitted that the applicant had been released on 13 January 2003 without being heard in person by the court. However, the applicant's interests in the proceedings regarding his detention had been duly represented by his counsel who had been engaged by his wife. Counsel had been present at the hearing before the Krakow-Srodmiescie District Court, which had ordered the applicant's release on 10 January 2003. Having regard to the above, the Government refrained from stating their position on the alleged breach of Article 5 § 3 in the present case.

2. The Court's assessment

71. The Court reiterates that Article 5 § 3 is structurally concerned with two separate matters: the early stages following an arrest when an individual is taken into the power of the authorities and the period pending eventual trial before a criminal court during which the suspect may be detained or released with or without conditions. These two limbs confer distinct rights and are not on their face logically or temporally linked (see T.W. v. Malta [GC], no. 25644/94, § 49, 29 April 1999, and McKay, cited above, § 31).

72. Turning to the initial stage under the first limb, the Court's case-law establishes that there must be protection of an individual arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a criminal offence through judicial control. Such control serves to provide effective safeguards against the risk of ill-treatment, which is at its greatest in this early stage of detention, and against the abuse of powers bestowed on law enforcement officers or other authorities for what should be narrowly restricted purposes and exercisable strictly in accordance with prescribed procedures. The judicial control must satisfy the requirements of promptness and be automatic (see, McKay, cited above, § 32).

73. Judicial control on the first appearance of an arrested individual must above all be prompt, to allow detection of any ill-treatment and to keep to a minimum any unjustified interference with individual liberty. The strict time constraint imposed by this requirement leaves little flexibility in interpretation, otherwise there would be a serious weakening of a procedural guarantee to the detriment of the individual and the risk of impairing the very essence of the right protected by this provision (see Brogan and Others v. the United Kingdom, 29 November 1988, § 62, Series A no. 145-B, where periods of more than four days in detention without being brought before a judge were found to have been in violation of Article 5 § 3, even in the special context of terrorist investigations).

74. The Court underlines that the review must be automatic and cannot depend on the application of the detained person; in this respect it must be distinguished from Article 5 § 4, which gives a detained person the right to apply for release. The automatic nature of the review is necessary to fulfil the purpose of the paragraph, as a person subjected to ill-treatment might be incapable of lodging an application asking for a judge to review their detention; the same might also be true of other vulnerable categories of arrested person, such as the mentally frail or those ignorant of the language of the judicial officer (see, among others, Aquilina v. Malta [GC], no. 25642/94, § 49, ECHR 1999-III; Niedbav. Poland, no. 27915/95, § 50, 4 July 2000; and McKay, cited above, § 34).

75. In the instant case, the Court observes that the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court issued an order for the applicant's detention on 15 July 2002 without hearing representations from him. The detention order specified that the applicant was to be informed upon his arrest about his right of appeal. The applicant was arrested on 3 January 2003 and was subsequently detained on the basis of that order. The Court notes that following the applicant's arrest on reasonable suspicion that he had committed an offence there was no automatic judicial control of his detention. In circumstances such as those that obtained in the present case, where the applicant was arrested on the basis of a detention order issued in his absence, the domestic law does not appear to provide for such an initial automatic review and makes it dependent on an application by the detained person. The Court notes that Article 5 § 3 of the Convention does not provide for any possible exceptions from the requirement that a person be brought promptly before a judge or other judicial officer after his or her arrest or detention. To conclude otherwise would run counter to the plain meaning of this provision (see Harkmann v. Estonia, no. 2192/03, § 38, 11 July 2006). The Court further observes that the review of the lawfulness of the applicant's detention was initiated by the application made by his counsel on 9 January 2003. The Government's argument that the applicant's interests were duly represented in those judicial proceedings by his counsel is clearly deficient in the light of the explicit wording of Article 5 § 3 ("shall be brought promptly before a judge").

76. Therefore, there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.

77. The Court raised of its own motion a complaint under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention as regards the delay in executing the order of 10 January 2003 to release the applicant. The relevant part of this provision reads:

78. The Court notes that this complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.

1. The parties' submissions

79. The applicant submitted that the order for his release dated 10 January 2003 was sent by facsimile on the same day to the Miedzyrzecz Detention Centre. However, the detention centre's authorities refused to release him on the basis of the facsimile and required the original documents to be sent. The applicant argued that for the following three days he was unlawfully deprived of his liberty since there was no other decision to justify his detention. Thus, there had been a breach of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention.

80. The Government admitted that the applicant had spent an additional three days in detention and had not been released until 13 January 2003 since the detention centre had refused to release him on the basis of the facsimile copy of the order sent on 10 January 2003. In view of the above, the Government refrained from expressing their position on the alleged violation of Article 5 § 1.

2. The Court's assessment

81. The Court reiterates that some delay in implementing a decision to release a detainee is understandable and often inevitable in view of practical considerations relating to the running of the courts and the observance of particular formalities. However, the national authorities must attempt to keep such delays to a minimum (see Quinn v. France, 22 March 1995, § 42, Series A no. 311; Giulia Manzoni v. Italy, 1 July 1997, § 25 in fine, Reports 1997-IV; K.-F. v. Germany, 27 November 1997, § 71, Reports 1997-VII; and Mancini v. Italy, no. 44955/98, § 24, ECHR 2001-IX). The Court reiterates that administrative formalities connected with release cannot justify a delay of more than several hours (see Labita, cited above; Nikolov v. Bulgaria, no. 38884/97, § 82, 30 January 2003; and Gebura v. Poland, no. 63131/00, § 34, 6 March 2007).

82. In the present case, the Krakow--Srodmiescie District Court ordered the applicant's release on 10 January 2003. However, the Miedzyrzecz Detention Centre refused to execute that order on the basis of a facsimile copy of the order sent by the court and requested service of the original documents. On 10 January 2003 the District Court ordered the relevant documents to be sent by courier service. The Government have not specified when the documents were received by the detention centre. The applicant was released on 13 January 2003, which is three days after the District Court had ordered his release.

83. The Court must scrutinise complaints of delays in the release of detainees with particular vigilance (see Nikolov, cited above, § 80). In its view, the administrative formalities related to the applicant's release could and should have been carried out more swiftly. In this regard, it observes that the paramount importance of the right to liberty imposes on the authorities a duty to remove organisational shortcomings attributable to the State which may occasion unjustified deprivation of liberty (see Gebura, cited above, § 35). In the present case, the Court considers that the administrative formalities related to the applicant's release were not kept to a minimum as required by the relevant case-law.

84. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 1 of the Convention on that account.

85. The applicant also alleged a breach of Article 6 § 2 of the Convention since the criminal proceedings against him had not established his guilt. He lastly complained under Article 8 of the Convention on account of his separation from his family as a result of his detention and the adverse effects it had on his family. He submitted that throughout his period in detention he received no news about his family.

86. The Court notes that the applicant was acquitted of the charge against him. Furthermore, he did not allege that in the course of the proceedings against him there was any judicial decision or statement by a public official which could have infringed his right to be presumed innocent (see, Garycki v. Poland, no. 14348/02, § 66, 6 February 2007). Thus, the Court finds that no issue arises in respect of his complaint under Article 6 § 2 of the Convention.

87. As regards the complaint under Article 8, the Court considers that it is ancillary to and resultant from the main issues arising in the case under Article 5 of the Convention. Having regard to its findings in respect of Article 5, it finds that, regardless of other possible grounds of inadmissibility, the applicant has failed to substantiate his Article 8 complaint beyond what has already been dealt with under Article 5. It follows that this part of the application is manifestly ill-founded and must be rejected pursuant to Article 35 §§ 3 and 4 of the Convention.

88. Article 41 of the Convention provides:

89. The applicant claimed 500 euros (EUR) in respect of pecuniary damage on the ground that following his unlawful detention he was unable to pursue his professional activities in France. He further claimed EUR 10,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage. In this respect, he argued that he had been unlawfully detained for 10 days without being told the reasons for his detention or being heard by a judge. Additionally, he had not known what had become of his. The applicant's wife claimed EUR 5,000 in respect of non-pecuniary damage.

90. The Government observed that they were not able to comment on the applicant's claims for pecuniary damage since the applicant had failed to produce any documents in respect of his average monthly income in France. They considered the applicant's claims for non-pecuniary damage to be exorbitant and invited the Court to rule that the finding of a violation constituted in itself sufficient just satisfaction for any non-pecuniary damage sustained by the applicant. Alternatively, they asked the Court to assess the amount of just satisfaction on the basis of its case-law in similar cases and having regard to national economic circumstances. As regards the claim made by the applicant's wife, the Government observed that she was not an applicant in the present case.

91. The Court rejects the applicant's claim for pecuniary damage as unsubstantiated since the applicant has failed to produce any relevant information about his income in France. On the other hand, the Court considers that the applicant has suffered non-pecuniary damage which is not sufficiently compensated by the finding of a violation of the Convention. Having regard to the number and character of the violations found in the present case, in particular the finding that the applicant's deprivation of liberty was unlawful under Article 5 § 1 of the Convention, and making its assessment on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant's claim in full. The Court rejects the claim for non-pecuniary damage submitted by the applicant's wife since she was not an applicant in the present case.

92. The applicant also claimed EUR 1, 196, including VAT, for the costs and expenses incurred before the Court.

93. The Government submitted that any award should be limited to those costs and expenses which were actually and necessarily incurred and were reasonable.

94. According to the Court's case-law, an applicant is entitled to reimbursement of his costs and expenses only in so far as it has been shown that these have been actually and necessarily incurred and were reasonable as to quantum. The Court notes the applicant was paid EUR 850 in legal aid by the Council of Europe. In the present case, regard being had to the information in its possession and the above criteria, the Court considers it reasonable to award the whole sum sought by the applicant (EUR 1, 196) for the proceedings before it, less the amount received by way of legal aid from the Council of Europe. The Court thus awards EUR 346 for costs and expenses.

95. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.

For the these Reasons , the Court unanimously

Done in English, and notified in writing on 18 March 2008, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.